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關于急救，每個人應該知道什么？

What should everyone know about first aid?

2021-04-28 kepter 6869 0 1 收藏糾錯&舉報

譯文簡介

網友：為歷史上最短的急救課程做好準備。急救有著悠久的歷史，軍隊以各種形式對急救產生了巨大的影響。這就是為什么我的這個古董急救箱涂成了橄欖褐色的原因......

正文翻譯

What should everyone know about first aid?

關于急救，每個人應該知道什么？

0

評論翻譯

Robert Frantz
Prepare yourself for the shortest First Aid course in history.

為歷史上最短的急救課程做好準備。

First aid has an ancient history and the military in all its various forms had a massive influence. That’s why this antique first aid kit of mine is painted olive drab.

急救有著悠久的歷史，軍隊以各種形式對急救產生了巨大的影響。這就是為什么我的這個古董急救箱涂成了橄欖褐色的原因。

1.First aid is the provision of care to the ill and injured to preserve life until definitive medical care can be delivered. So, when it gets right down to it all of first aid is dealing with the immediate emergency. If you are present at an actual medical emergency first send someone to call for definitive help. Call 911! You with your 5 minute first aid course are a very temporary measure.

1.急救是向病人和受傷者提供護理，以維持生命，直到醫療人員到達現場。所以，當危急事情真正發生的時候，所有的急救措施都是處理緊急情況。如果你遇到了一個醫療緊急情況，首先派人打911電話尋求專業幫助。你能提供的緊急救護只能算是一個非常臨時的措施。

Ensure your own safety. I have a few horrific stories concerning a well meaning rescuer being hit by a car in the side of the road trying to deliver care. I even know a physician who lost a leg after being struck by a drunk driver while trying to help someone. Think four times… no, five times, before getting out of your car at a car wreck. Never go into the water to save a drowning person. If the shooting is still going on make sure you are under cover. You cannot help anyone if you are killed. Likewise, becoming a second casualty makes the saving of both of you twice as hard.

提供緊急救護時，首選確保自己的安全。我之前聽過一些可怕的故事，一個善意的救援者在路邊試圖提供護理時被一輛汽車撞倒。我甚至認識一個醫生，他在幫助別人的時候被一個醉酒的司機撞斷了一條腿。遇到車禍現場，當你想下車提供幫助時，先三思而后行。千萬不要急于下水去救落水的人。如果遇到槍戰，首先確保你有掩護。如果你被殺了，你就不能幫助任何人了。同樣的，成為第二個犧牲者會讓拯救你們兩個的過程變得更加艱難。

2.Airway. Most people who die quickly do so for lack of a patent airway. If the patient is chemically impaired and breathing turn them on their side so secretions can flow from their mouth. Likewise for people who just suffered a seizure. There is NO NEED to pry a seizure victims’ mouth open with a spoon or your fingers. Wait until the seizure passes and turn them on their side. Don’t get your finger bitten off. Refer to point 1 above!

2.保證患者呼吸道順暢。大多數快速死亡的人都是因為呼吸道不暢。如果患者化學物質中毒，讓他們側臥，這樣分泌物就可以從口中流出。對于剛剛癲癇發作的人來說也是如此。沒有必要用勺子或手指撬開癲癇發作患者的嘴。等到癲癇發作過去，把他們翻過來。別讓患者把你的手指咬掉了。請參考上面的第一點

3.Breathing. If the patient is not breathing refer to point 2 above. Many times it is because their airway is occluded with their tongue. Thrusting their jaw forward with gentle pressure is typically enough to open them again. If the airway is occluded due to choking you will need to remove the foreign material using the Heimlich maneuver or removing it from their mouth if you can see it. Don’t get your finger bitten off. Did I mention that?

3.呼吸。如病人停止呼吸，請參閱上文第2點。很多時候是因為他們的氣道被舌頭堵塞了。輕輕地向前推動他們的下巴，通常就可以使他們再次張開。目前的心肺復蘇術標準已經不再那么支持救援呼吸了?，F在只剩下壓迫式心肺復蘇術了。如果由于異物嗆到導致氣道阻塞，你需要使用哈姆立克急救法清除異物，或者如果你能看到的話，將異物從他們的口中清除。注意，別讓他們把你的手指咬掉了。我之前也提到過。

Circulation. You have to know where to check a pulse and I recommend the carotid artery because it’s right where you will be checking the airway anyway at neck. No pulse? It’s CPR time. If there is an AED…. Retrieve it. Read the instructions and hopefully a “shock” will be indicated. They are already technically dead so you cannot hurt them. Do what you have to do.

4.保證血液循環。你必須知道在哪里檢查脈搏，我建議你檢查頸動脈，因為它正好在你檢查頸部呼吸道的位置。沒有脈搏？那就該做心肺復蘇了。如果有自動體外除顫器，立刻去取，先閱讀說明，希望能對患者進行“電擊”搶救。記住..他們在醫學上已經死了，所以你不會進一步傷害他們。做你該做的。

Disability. Bleeding is controlled by direct pressure. If it’s oozing a little pressure will do. If it’s spurting? More pressure will be required. Use anything clean and preferably cloth-like to put over open wounds and apply enough pressure to stop the bleeding. Forget tourniquets. I’ve never had to use one even with amputations. If a limb really hurts… it may be broken. Try to immobilize it any way feasible.

殘疾。直接按壓止血。如果血只滲出一點點，輕輕按一下就可以了。如果血直接噴出來了，需要使勁按壓。使用任何干凈的東西，最好是布狀的東西放在傷口上，并使勁按壓阻止出血。忘記止血帶吧，即使在截肢手術中，我也從未使用過它。如果你感覺四肢真的很疼... 那有可能已經斷掉了。盡量用任何可行的方法固定住它。

Comfort. If all else fails… be nice. Reassurance is the best medicine of all. There is a LOT of fear involved in these events. Check your own pulse. Be calm. That is the very best and most rare thing in any emergency.

舒適。如果其他方法都失敗了，那就友好一點。安慰是最好的良藥。攤上這樣的事情，肯定會很害怕。你要控制好情緒，保持冷靜。在任何緊急情況下，保持冷靜都是最好也是最不容易做到的事情

Immanuel Coco-Bassey
Now some knowledge of first aid could mean the difference between life and death because you’re sole aim, is to make the situation better and not to make it worse.

現在，一些急救知識可能意味著生與死的區別，因為你的唯一目的，就是讓情況變得更好，而不是讓它變得更糟。

I’ll drop a few basic first aid tips you could live by.

我會教你一些基本的急救技巧。

The three P’s:

記住三個P原則:

?Prevent life.

拯救生命。

?Prevent further injury.

防止進一步傷害。

?Promote recovery.

促進康復。

Pretty simple you may think, but when someone gets injured you might panic and forget to do what is necessary to make better the situation. The three P’s remind you of the basics; do what you can to save the person’s life, do what you can to keep them from sustaining further injuries and lastly do what you can to make them feel better and recover.

你可能認為這很簡單，但是當有人受傷時，你可能會驚慌失措，忘記做必要的事情來使情況變得更好。這三P原則提醒你一些基本的東西: 盡你所能挽救病人的生命，盡你所能防止他們繼續受到傷害，最后盡你所能讓他們感覺更好，恢復健康。

2. Check the Scene For Danger

2. 檢查現場是否有危險
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處

Before you provide help to an injured person, check your surrounding for impending danger, you don’t want to get yourself hurt in the process. The truth is if you get hurt whilst trying to be the superhero, who’s going to save you and the person you were about to save. For example, you want to save a guy who got knocked down on a busy highway, you had better check for oncoming vehicles lest you get knocked down by one.

在你給受傷的人提供幫助之前，檢查你周圍是否有危險，你不想在拯救別人的過程中受傷。事實是，如果你在試圖成為超級英雄的過程中受到傷害，誰會拯救你和你將要拯救的人。例如，你想要拯救一個在繁忙的高速公路上被撞倒的人，你最好先注意一下迎面而來的車輛，以免被撞倒。

Once it’s safe you can then advance to rescue the injured person.

一旦安全了，你就可以進去營救受傷的人了。
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處

3. Treating Cuts and Scrapes

3. 治療割傷和擦傷

Blood is an integral part of our bodies, so when someone is bleeding, your top most priority should be how to stop the bleeding. Try and find a bandage or clean cloth and then:

血液是我們身體不可分割的一部分，所以當有人在流血時，你最優先考慮的應該是如何止血。試著找一塊繃帶或干凈的布，然后:

? Apply gentle pressure 20–30 minutes

輕輕按壓20-30分鐘

? Clean the wound by gently running clean water over it. Don’t use soap on an open wound.

用清水輕輕沖洗傷口。不要在未愈合的傷口上使用肥皂。

? Apply antibiotics to the wound like Neosporin.

在傷口上使用抗生素如 Neosporin。

? Cover the wound with bandage.

用繃帶包扎傷口。

If someone has a nosebleed, he/she lean forward with a cloth pressed against the nostrils until the blood flow stops.

如果有人流鼻血，讓他/她身體前傾，用一塊布壓住鼻孔，直到血流停止。

The human body is usually good at patching up small cuts and scrapes but deeper cuts will require medical attention.

人類的身體通常善于修補小傷口和擦傷，但是更深的傷口需要醫療救治。

? Apply pressure.

有手按住傷口。

? Don’t apply any ointment. Cover the wound with loose cloth to avoid contaminants infecting the wound.

不要涂抹任何軟膏。用布覆蓋傷口，以免污染物感染傷口。

? Seek medical attention immediately.

立即就醫。

4. Treating Sprains

4. 治療扭傷

Sprains usually not very serious injuries and will most likely heal on their own. Still there are steps you can take to ease the swelling. The swelling is caused by blood flow to the hurt area. You can reduce the swelling by applying ice because ice restricts the blood vessels from excess blood flow.

扭傷通常不是非常嚴重的傷害，最有可能會自愈。你仍然可以采取一些措施來緩解腫脹。腫脹是由于血液流向受傷部位造成的。你可以通過使用冰塊來減少腫脹，因為冰塊限制了血管的過量血流。

? Keep the injure limb elevated.

把受傷的肢體抬高。

? Wrap the ice in a cloth or put it in a plastic bag and then apply to the area.

用布包裹冰塊或放入塑料袋中，然后敷在傷口處。

5. Treating Heat Exhaustion

5. 治療中暑

Heat exhaustion is a result of prolonged exposure to high temperatures especially when the person is handling strenuous work or hasn’t had enough water. The symptoms include:

中暑是長時間暴露在高溫下的結果，特別是當這個人正在從事繁重的工作或者沒有喝足夠的水的時候。癥狀包括:

? Heavy sweating Dizziness Weak pulse Muscle cramps Nausea Headaches

大量出汗、頭暈、脈搏微弱、肌肉抽筋、惡心、頭痛

To treat someone with heat exhaustion you should:

要治療中暑衰竭患者，你應該:

? Get the person to a covered area out of the sun.

將患者帶到一個有遮陽的地方。

? If there are no covered places, keep the person covered with any material that covers the sun.

如果沒有遮蓋的地方，用任何遮蓋陽光的材料將患者遮蓋起來。

? Give the person water and keep him/her hydrated.

給他/她喝水，讓他/她保持水分。

? Keep cool cloth on their forehead to lower the body temperature.

在額頭上敷一下涼爽的衣物，以降低體溫。

6. Treating Hypothermia

6. 治療體溫過低

Hypothermia is caused by exposure to cold temperatures. It begins to occur when your body temperature drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit.

體溫過低是由于暴露在寒冷的溫度下引起的。當你的體溫下降到華氏95度以下時，很有可能出現體溫過低的情況。
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處

Symptoms:

癥狀有:

? Shivering Slurred speech and mumbling Weak pulse Weak coordination cold skin Loss of consciousness

顫抖、說話含糊不清，喃喃自語、脈搏微弱、協調不力、冰冷的皮膚、失去意識

Treatment

治療
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處

Be very gentle with the person, don’t rub their body and don’t move their body jarringly as this could trigger a cardiac arrest

對這個人要非常溫柔，不要摩擦他們的身體，也不要晃動他們的身體，因為這可能會引發心臟驟停

? Move the person out of the cold and remove any wet clothing.

讓病人離開寒冷的地方，脫掉濕衣服。

? Cover the person with blankets and use heat packs (please don’t apply heat directly to the skin as this may cause serious skin damage resulting in more harm than good)

給患者蓋上毯子，并使用熱敷包(請不要直接敷在皮膚上，因為這可能會導致嚴重的皮膚損傷，弊大于利)
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處

? Let then drink warm fluids

喝點熱飲

7. Treating Burns

7. 治療燒傷

Before you commence treatment on any kind of burn, you must first know the kinda burns that you’re treating as there are different types of burns. They are four actually and they are:

在你開始治療任何類型的燒傷之前，你必須首先知道你正在治療的是哪種燒傷，因為有不同類型的燒傷。燒傷可以分為四種等級:

? First degree burn: Only the outer layer skin is burnt. The skin is swollen and red and looks similar to a sunburn.

一度燒傷: 只有外層皮膚被燒傷。皮膚紅腫，看起來像是曬傷。

? Second degree burn: Some of the inner layer of the skin is burnt. Look for blistering skin. Thus usually is a vey painful burn.

二度燒傷: 部分皮膚內層被燒傷，皮膚起水泡。這通常是一種非常痛苦的燒傷。

? Third degree burn: all of the inner skin is burnt. The wound is whitish or blackened color. Some third degree burns could be deep and painless because the nerve endings have been destroyed.

三度燒傷: 皮膚內部全部燒傷。傷口顏色發白或變黑。一些三級燒傷可能是深度和無痛的，因為神經末梢已經被破壞。

? Fourth degree burns: This kinda burn has penetrated all tissues up to tendons and the bones.

四度燒傷: 這種燒傷已經滲透到了包括肌腱和骨頭在內的所有組織。

Also there are two kinds of burn severities which are minor burns and major burns.

按燒傷嚴重程度又可分為輕度燒傷和重度燒傷。

? Minor burns: first degree to mild second degree burns.

輕度燒傷: 一度至輕微二度燒傷。

?Major Burns: moderate second degree burns to fourth degree burns.

重度燒傷: 中度二級燒傷至四度燒傷。

Minor burns don’t need extensive treatment but you should:

輕度燒傷不需要大量的治療，但是你應該:

? Run cool water over the affected part (don’t use icy or very cold water).

用涼水沖洗患處(不要用冰水或很冷的水)。

? Don’t break the blisters.

不要弄破水泡。

?Apply moisturizer over the area like aloe Vera (or just apply petroleum jelly like Vaseline).

在身體部位涂抹保濕霜，如蘆薈(或凡士林)。

? Take the burned person out of sunlight .

讓燒傷的人遠離陽光。

? Have the person take ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain relief.

讓患者服用布洛芬(ibuprofen)或對乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen)緩解疼痛。

Major burns are no joke,that they require immediate medical assistance. To aid someone with a major burn:

嚴重燒傷可不是開玩笑的，他們需要立即的醫療救助。為了幫助嚴重燒傷的人:

? Do not apply ointments

不應使用藥膏

? Cover wound with loose cloth to avoid contaminants from infecting it.

用布覆蓋傷口，以免受污染。

8. Allergic Reactions

8. 過敏反應

An allergic reaction is a result of your being hypersensitive to a foreign substance like bee stings, certain foods and drug ingredients. Anaphylaxis is a life threatening allergic reaction that could be triggered by any of those allergens.

過敏反應是你對外來物質過敏的結果，如蜜蜂叮咬，某些食物和藥物成分。過敏反應是一種威脅生命的過敏反應，可能由任何一種過敏原引發。
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處

The best way to treating an allergic reaction is to use an EpiPen( an EpiPen or epinephrine autoinjector is an ergonomic needle that is used to inject epinephrine (adrenaline) into someone suffering from a serious allergic reaction. The epinephrine suppresses the effect of the allergies.

治療過敏反應的最好方法是使用腎上腺素筆 (腎上腺素或腎上腺素自動注射器是一種人體工程學的針頭，用于向患有嚴重過敏反應的人注射腎上腺素。腎上腺素能抑制過敏反應。

If someone has an allergy:

如果有人過敏:

? Keep the person calm(reassure them that everything is going to be okay to help them relax and trust you too. Reassuring goes a long way in keeping them calm and stable knowing their life actually is in safe hands). Ask them if they use an EpiPen and have one on them.

?讓對方保持冷靜(向他們保證一切都會好起來，幫助他們放松，讓他們信任你。讓他們知道他們現在沒有危險，讓他們安心有助于他們保持冷靜和穩定。詢問他們是否使用EpiPen腎上腺素筆，以及身上有沒有帶。

? Have the person lie down and keep their feet elevated 12 inches.

讓患者躺下，雙腳抬高12英寸。

? Make sure the person’s clothing is loose to aid breathing.

確?；颊叩囊路捤梢詭椭粑?。

? Avoid giving them food, drink or medicine.

不要給他們食物、飲料或藥物。

? If appropriate use an EpiPen. Learn how to inject an EpiPen in someone having an allergy.

如果適當的話，使用腎上腺素筆 EpiPen。學習如何給過敏癥患者注射 EpiPen。

? Wait 5–15 after using an EpiPen. If the allergic reaction isn’t subdued, you may be requiredto administer a second dose.

使用 EpiPen 后等待5-15分鐘。如果過敏反應沒有減輕，你可能需要注射第二劑。

9. Treating Fractures

9. 治療骨折
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處

? Don’t try to straighten a fractured limb

不要試圖拉直斷裂的四肢

? Use a splint or padding to stabilize the area.

使用夾板或填充物來固定骨折的地方。

? Apply a cold pack to the area. Don’t apply it directly to the skin, wrap it in a cloth or out it in a plastic.

敷上冷敷包。不要直接敷在皮膚上，用布包起來或者用塑料包起來。
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處

? Give the person an anti-inflammatory drug like ibuprofen.

給患者服用消炎藥，比如布洛芬。

10. Performing CPR

10. 心肺復蘇術

CPR means Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CPR is used to restore breathing and circulation in an unresponsive person. If done correctly, CPR can save lives, that is why an intensive training is needed before you can perform CPR on anybody.

心肺復蘇術意味著恢復呼吸功能。心肺復蘇術是用來給一個沒反應的人恢復自主呼吸。如果做得正確，心肺復蘇術可以挽救生命，這就是為什么在你對任何人實施心肺復蘇術之前需要進行強化訓練的原因。

The First Aid Kit

急救箱

You sure can’t perform any first aid without having your first aid kit.

如果沒有急救箱，你肯定不能進行任何急救。

Your kit should include:

你的急救箱包應該包括:

? Antibacterial wipes

抗菌紙巾

? Painkillers

止痛藥

? Gauze pads

紗布墊

? Sunscreen

防曬霜
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處

? Medical gloves

醫用手套

? Medical instrument kit

醫療儀器包

? Sling

吊帶

? Burn gel

燒傷凝膠

? Antibiotic ointment

抗生素軟膏

? Antiseptic wipes

消毒濕巾

? First Aid instructions

急救指南

? Tourniquet

止血帶

Hope I was able to help.

希望我的建議能幫上忙。

Rachel Leon
This is what I learned:

以下這就是我學到的:

1. Survey the Scene

1. 觀察現場:

Make sure you’re not running into danger and adding to the victim list.

確保你在施救過程中不會遇到危險，不要把自己也變成一名受害者

2. Put on Gloves - Gently Tap or Shake the Victim “Hey - Are you okay?”

2. 戴上手套——輕輕地拍打或搖晃受害者問一下：“嘿——你還好嗎?”

: This might seem stupid, but just make sure the victim isn’t sleeping, and now you know if the victim is conscious or not. If unconscious, tell someone nearby to call 911. If conscious, uate the situation and call 911 if necessary. If unsure, call 911.

: 這可能看起來很愚蠢，這樣可以確保受害者是不是在睡覺，繼而確定受害者是否有意識。如果不省人事，告訴附近的人撥打911。如果意識清醒，評估情況，必要時撥打911。如果不確定，打911

3. Check for Pulse and Breathing

3. 檢查脈搏和呼吸
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處

Put your finger on their neck to feel for a pulse, and watch/listen for breathing.

把你的手指放在他們的脖子上，感受他們的脈搏，觀察/傾聽他們的呼吸

If you are not a doctor or trained in anyway, you can help someone, but you are not obligated. If you call 911, and there is no one helping the victim, the dispatcher might ask you to do some of these things until EMS arrives. I focused on life-threatening conditions, meaning if the victim is not breathing or does not have a pulse, every second counts to save their life. The severe bleeding is life-threatening as well, but if the victim doesn’t have a pulse or is not breathing, by stopping the bleeding the victim will still not survive.

如果你不是一個醫生或者受過專業訓練的人，你可以去幫助別人，但是你沒有義務。如果您撥打911，而且沒有人幫助受害者，調度員可能會要求您在急救人員到達之前做一些這樣的事情。要專注于危及生命的情況，意思是如果受害者沒有呼吸或沒有脈搏，提前一秒鐘幫助都能挽救他們的生命。嚴重的出血也會危及生命，但是如果受害者沒有脈搏或者沒有呼吸，通過止血受害者也仍然無法存活。

Just remember, whenever in doubt, call 911. They are trained professionals and know a lot more life-saving techniques. Always give way to someone who has more training then you.

記住，無論何時有疑問，撥打911。他們是訓練有素的專業人員，知道更多的救生技術。給那些比你訓練有素的人讓路。

Souradeep Chakraborty
Breathing difficulties
If someone stops breathing, see if the person replies if talked to or touched on the shoulder.If not, call for help – and immediately begin first aid.Place the person on his or her back on the floor.Tilt the head, so that the chin is pointing upwards. Do this by placing the fingertips under the jawbone, then lift gently while pressing down softly on the person's forehead. This is done to make sure the tongue is not blocking the throat.Keep holding the head in this way while checking for breathing. Look if the chest is rising and falling, or place your ear next to their mouth to listen for breathing and feel breath on your cheek. Only check for 10 seconds.If there's normal breathing, hold the head as described above until help arrives. If there's no breathing or gasping breaths, start basic life support.

呼吸困難
如果有人停止呼吸，看看對方是否回應，如果沒有回應，請求幫助，并立即開始急救。將患者面朝上放在地板上。傾斜頭部，使下巴向上。將指尖放在下頜骨下，然后輕輕抬起，同時輕輕按壓患者的前額。這樣做是為了確保舌頭不會阻塞喉嚨。以這種方式保持頭部不動，同時檢查呼吸?？纯此麄兊男夭渴欠裆舷缕鸱?，或者把你的耳朵放在他們的嘴邊聽他們的呼吸，感覺他們在你的臉頰上呼吸，檢查10秒即可。如果有正常的呼吸，按照上面描述的那樣保持頭部不動，直到救援到來。如果沒有呼吸，開始實施基本的急救工作。

Bleeding
With all types of bleeding, it's important to stop the flow of blood as quickly as possible.

出血。對于所有類型的出血，盡快阻止血液流動是非常重要的。

Small cuts Small cuts in the veins stop bleeding and clot within a few minutes. The area should then be washed, and a plaster placed gently on top.Deeper cuts Deeper cuts in the veins produce dark blood that seeps out slowly and steadily. It can be stopped by gentle pressure on the wound with a sterile or clean cloth, followed by the application of a clean or sterile bandage.Often, these wounds need sewing or gluing, and almost all need a careful clean, so medical treatment will be necessary after first aid.

小傷口可以在幾分鐘內止血和凝結，然后清洗傷口。如果出現更深的傷口，一般會流出黑色的血液，這些血液緩慢而穩定地滲出。用無菌或干凈的布輕輕按壓傷口，然后用干凈或無菌的繃帶包扎傷口即可。通常，這些傷口需要縫合，而且幾乎所有的傷口都需要仔細清潔，所以急救后還需要進行醫療處理。
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處

Nosebleeds
Nosebleeds occur when one of the small blood vessels in the mucous membranes of the nose bursts.To limit the bleeding:

鼻出血發生在鼻腔粘膜上的小血管中。為了限制出血:

pinch the nostrils shut with the index and middle finger for 10 minutes. This way, the vein is compressed, which is often enough to stem the flow

用食指和中指捏住鼻孔10分鐘。這樣，靜脈被壓縮，通常足以阻止血液流動

while the nostrils are shut, the person must breathe through their mouth

當鼻孔閉合時，人必須用嘴呼吸

if the bleeding continues, it's important to contact a doctor.

如果繼續出血，最好去看醫生

Choking
Choking happens when the passage through the windpipe is blocked. This usually occurs when food that hasn't been thoroughly chewed gets stuck.If someone looks like they're choking, ask them if they're able to talk.A person who is genuinely choking can usually only communicate with hand movements, and may place their hand against their throat. In such a case they will definitely need help, so summon assistance for them.Provided the person is conscious and talking, you should not interfere. Encourage them to cough. However, be prepared to do so, if the obstruction appears to become complete or markedly worse.If the person is conscious, but struggling to breath, stand behind them and lean their head slightly forward.Using a flat palm, strike them forcefully between the shoulder blades, in the hope they will cough up (and out) the item causing choking. Repeat up to five times.

當通過氣管的通道被堵塞時，就會發生窒息。這種情況通常發生在食物沒有被徹底咀嚼過的時候。如果有人看起來像是噎住了，問問他們能不能說話。一個真正窒息的人通常只能通過手部動作進行交流，并可能將手放在他們的喉嚨上。在這種情況下，他們肯定需要幫助，所以要為他們尋求幫助。如果這個人是有意識的并且在說話，你就不應該干涉。鼓勵他們咳嗽。但是，如果阻塞看起來完全或明顯惡化，就要準備出手幫助。如果這個人是有意識的，但是呼吸困難，站在他們身后，把他們的頭稍稍向前傾。手掌張開，強有力地擊打他們的肩胛骨之間的位置，希望他們會咳出(和)造成窒息的物品。最多重復五次。

First aid for burns The first thing to do is to limit the extent of the damage, and prevent the burn from becoming worse.

燒傷的急救。首先要做的是防止燒傷變得更嚴重。

Taking care that you do not put yourself at risk from the cause of the burns, move the person away from the danger area. Smother flames with a blanket or douse the person with water but beware of electricity or caustic chemicals.

注意保護自己，避免自己被燒傷，將傷者移離危險區域。用毯子撲滅火焰或者用水澆滅火焰，但是要小心電流或者腐蝕性的化學物質。

Remove clothing or jewellery from the burned area but don’t try to peel back any clothing that is stuck to the skin.

從燒傷處移除衣物或首飾，但不要試圖剝掉任何粘在皮膚上的衣物

The burnt area must be cooled by being placed under tepid running water. The water should not be unpleasantly cold.

燒傷部位必須用常溫的自來水下冷卻，水不能太冷

Keep the damaged area under running water for at least one hour, or longer if the pain has not stopped. Up to four hours of this treatment can be beneficial. However, in severe burns it is more important to get the person to hospital for treatment, so don’t let this delay calling the ambulance.

保持損傷部位在自來水下沖洗至少一個小時，如果疼痛沒有停止，則延長沖洗時間。長達四個小時的這種治療是有益的。然而，在嚴重燒傷的情況下，送病人去醫院治療更為重要，所以要及時呼叫救護車

Meanwhile keep the person warm a lot of heat can be lost from large burns so put a blanket or clothing around the non-injured areas.

同時保持身體溫暖，大面積燒傷會讓身體散發大量熱量，所以在非受傷部位周圍蓋上毯子或衣物

很贊 (1) 急救

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