法國大革命后的法國是什么樣的政府?（一）
What type of government was France after the French Revolution?
譯文簡介
網友：現代法國如何看待法國大革命？
嘿,我是法國人，所以我想我可以給你一個關于法國大革命的個人觀點和更普遍的觀點。
大多數法國人并不介意法國大革命，對它的發生反而很高興……
正文翻譯
What type of government was France after the French Revolution?
法國大革命后的法國是什么樣的政府?
評論翻譯
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How does modern France view the French Revolution?
Hey ! I’m a French person, so I think I can give you both a personal and a more general point of view on the French Revolution.
Most of the French don’t really mind the French Revolution, but are glad it happened. When we talk about the French Revolution we think “overthrowing the monarchy” and not really the reign of Terror.
But when we do talk about the reign of Terror, most of the people think of an era in which “evil, blood-thirsty” Robespierre became an awful dictator
Yes, unfortunately, the post-thermidor propaganda is deeply ingrained in our culture and minds. We are taught in school that the French Revolution was a good thing until 1793, where it became wicked and how all the “good guys” died (Danton, Desmoulins) at the hands of the “evil” Robespierre. The reign of Terror is treated the way we learn about dictatorships, without nuances at first, but if you follow more specific History studies, then (some) professors might add nuances to it. But generally speaking, we appreaciate the overthrowing of monarchy, but not what ensued of it.
現代法國如何看待法國大革命？
嘿,我是法國人，所以我想我可以給你一個關于法國大革命的個人觀點和更普遍的觀點。
大多數法國人并不介意法國大革命，對它的發生反而很高興。當我們談論法國大革命時，我們想到的是“推翻君主制”，而不是真正的恐怖統治。
但當我們談論恐怖統治時，大多數人想到的是一個“邪惡、嗜血”的羅伯斯庇爾成為可怕獨裁者的時代。
不幸的是，熱月政變后的宣傳在我們的文化和思想中根深蒂固。我們在學校里被教導，法國大革命是一件好事，直到1793年，它變得邪惡，所有的“好人”(丹東，德穆蘭)都死在了“邪惡的”羅伯斯庇爾手中?？植澜y治的處理方式與我們了解獨裁統治的方式相同，一開始沒有細微差別，但如果你關注更具體的歷史研究，那么（一些）教授可能會增加細微差別。但總的來說，我們欣賞推翻君主制，但不欣賞隨之而來的一切。
盡管大多數人認為羅伯斯庇爾是個壞人，但今天我們有了所謂的“羅伯斯庇爾主義者”，他們更同情羅伯斯庇爾。
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處
And despite a majority being happy without a king, we still have royalists (royalistes in French) who are politically active today !
In French schools, we usually don’t evoke the reign of Terror that much when introduced to the French Revolution, but as we grow older, they teach us that the reign of Terror was a really bad thing and that everyone lived in fear (which is not true, even if the context was extremely tense). We really are taught the details of the Revolution because even now, some characters/events are subject to controversy and some are even totally unknown to us.
The French Revolution was an important part of our History that we are proud of, even if we don’t glamorize the reign of Terror.
French Revolution rhythms with Freedom, Equality and Fraternity for us, with rights, new living conditions. And although it is not essentially true, it is still the heritage we believe we had from that period.
And I have to say that the view on the French Revolution also depends on where you are in France. In vendée for example, people usually associate the FR with the terrible massacres that happened here. Vendéens are still renowned to be royalists, even now haha.
As for me, and for studying relentlessly the French Revolution for more than two years, I can assure you that the French Revolution is a complexe, complicated mess. It is more than just pissed French people killing the King and falling into a dictatorship. ;)
盡管大多數人對沒有國王一事感到高興，但我們仍然有?；庶h，他們今天在政治上很活躍！
在法國的學校里，當我們被介紹到法國大革命時，我們通常不會那么多地想起恐怖統治，但隨著年齡的增長，他們告訴我們恐怖統治是一件非常糟糕的事情，每個人都生活在恐懼中(這不是真的，即使環境非常緊張)。我們真的了解到了革命的細節，因為即使是現在，一些人物/事件也會受到爭議，有些甚至是我們完全不知道的。
法國大革命是我們歷史的重要組成部分，我們對此感到自豪，甚至我們沒有美化恐怖統治。
法國大革命為我們帶來了自由、平等和博愛，以及權利和新的生活條件。盡管這基本上不是真的，我們相信這是我們從那個時期繼承下來的遺產
我不得不說，對法國大革命的看法也取決于你在法國的哪個地方。例如，在旺代，人們通常把法國大革命與發生在這里的可怕的大屠殺聯系在一起。即使是現在旺代仍然以?；庶h而聞名，哈哈。
至于我，由于我在兩年多的時間里孜孜不倦地研究法國大革命，我可以向你們保證，法國大革命是一個復雜的混亂局勢。這可不僅僅是憤怒的法國人殺死國王，陷入獨裁統治。
Why did the French Revolution not produce a similar government to the one that followed it?
One major reason for the French Revolution was that the so-called government before it was, well, not a government.
Officially, there were three Estates (let's call them political parties): the First Estate was the French Catholic Church, represented by clergymen. The Second Estate was the Aristocracy, represented by wealthy landowners, literally born into their position. The Third Estate was everybody else, but mostly represented by the Bourgeoisie (wealthy commoners).
What was the flaw in this system of government? Well, it was a three-way party system when it came to votes, and the Church and the Aristocracy ALWAYS voted together, so it was always 2 to 1. It was such a useless system that it was hardly ever used as a system of government at all, and the King, the highest-ranking Aristocrat, and legally appointed by God, basically ruled unopposed.
Now it turns out that millions of French people eventually got really angry about this whole set-up. But to reply to this question, the reason why the French revolutionary government didn't go for a similar one that existed before, is because it was the worse kind of system of government that they could think of, and they did try some pretty bad ones.
But nobody in their right mind wanted some stupid self-proclaimed God-ordained King as a leader.
為什么法國大革命沒有產生一個與它之后的政府相似的政府?
法國大革命爆發的一個主要原因是，它之前的所謂政府其實不是政府。
官方上有三個階層（我們稱之為政黨）：第一階層是法國天主教會，由神職人員代表。第二階層是貴族階層，以富有的地主為代表，他們生來就有這個地位。第三階層是其他所有人，但主要由資產階級（富裕的平民）代表。
這個政府體系的缺陷是什么？嗯，在投票方面，這是一個三方制，教會和貴族總是一起投票，所以總是2比1。這是一個如此無用的制度，以至于它幾乎從未被用作政府制度，而國王是最高等級的貴族，由“上帝”合法任命，基本上無人反對。
現在，事實證明，無數法國人最終對這一切感到非常憤怒。但為了回答這個問題，法國革命政府之所以沒有采用以前存在的類似政府體系，是因為這是他們能想到的最糟糕的政府體系，他們確實嘗試過一些非常糟糕的制度。
但是沒有一個頭腦正常的人愿意讓一個愚蠢的自封的上帝任命的國王做領袖。
How successful was the French Revolution?
I’ve read the other two answers and I think they get a lot of stuff wrong. A lot of stuff right, but a lot wrong. The French Revolution transformed France massively, suddenly, and unexpectedly. In terms of successs, the French revolution was not an immediate success, but its long term impact was that it mostly achieved its general aim of establishing a republic with citizen’s rights, universal suffrage, a representative assembly based on secular and not religious ideas.
The aftermath of the French revolution was the re-establishment of monarchy, but the revolution, which established the first democracy of the modern age, acted as an ideological signpost pointed to by reformers in every successive generation. The fact that they succeeded in overthrowing the landed aristocracy and then later the monarchy, and established a republic with universal (male) suffrage meant that they could do it again. it was possible. The genie was out of the bottle.
Keep in mind that before the French revolution, the landed aristocracy had virtually no political power. The Bourbon monarchs had gradually centralized the government and wrested prerogatives away from the nobility, leaving a class of more or less vestigial billionaires who had huge wealth and no responsibility. The revolution was against them, not against the monarch. In fact, the Revolution initially established a constitutional Monarchy like the one in the UK. French Revolutionary thinkers often pointed to Britain’s constitutional Monarchy as an inspiration. It was only after Louis attempted to flee and raise an army to overthrow the revolutionary government that the radical republicans took over the revolution.
法國大革命有多成功？
我已經閱讀了另外兩個答案，我認為他們很多地方說錯了。很多東西是對的，但也有很多是錯的。法國法國大革命徹底、突然、出乎意料地改變了法國。就成功而言，法國革命并沒有立即取得成功，但其長期影響是，它基本上實現了建立一個擁有公民權利、普選權、基于世俗而非宗教思想的代議制的共和國的總體目標。
法國革命帶來的是重新建立了君主制，但建立了現代第一個民主制度的革命，成為了每一代改革者所指向的意識形態路標。事實上，他們成功地推翻了土地貴族和后來的君主制，并建立了一個具有普遍(男性)選舉權的共和國，這意味著他們可以再次做到這一點。這是可能的。精靈從瓶子里出來了。
請記住，在法國革命之前，土地貴族幾乎沒有政治權力。波旁王朝的君主們逐漸將政府集中起來，并從貴族手中奪取特權，留下了一批或多或少的億萬富翁，他們擁有巨額財富，卻毫無責任感。革命是反對他們的，不是反對君主的。事實上，革命最初建立了一個像英國一樣的君主立憲制。法國革命思想家經常以英國君主立憲制為靈感。直到路易企圖逃跑并組建軍隊推翻革命政府后，激進的共和派才接管了革命。
France, as the first modern democracy, also established a pattern that other countries looked to. Americans used revolutionary france as an example. The American revolution more or less was a coup, rather than a revolution. Rich men in America replaced Rich men in england as masters of the continent. But reformers in the USA looked at the revolutionary republic as a model for how America might increase political participation. At the same time, conservative and wealthy elements in the US pointed ot the same government as a reason why poor people could not be trusted. Poor people, they argued, were bloodthirsty savages.
France’s example formed the basis for republics throughout Europe that were established following the abolition of monarchies over the intervening 200 years. The 2nd republic and 3rd repuiblic remained stalwart examples of the fact that it COULD be done.
Anyhow, the revolution was immediately successful in that it killed off the heredtary billionaire class in one fell swoop. Heads rolled and the parasites who leeched of society and contributed nothing were devoured by the poor. An example we should all follow.
革命的關鍵目標，即從繼承財富的不負責任的人手中奪走財富，并利用這些財富為窮人造?！芸炀蛯崿F了。今天的法國，和大多數資本主義國家一樣，有自己的百萬富翁和億萬富翁階層，但他們并不凌駕于法律之上。此外，法國公民有權利，在更公平分配國家財富的基礎上獲得許多社會福利，普及教育、醫療保健等。這些都是原有革命原則的延伸。
法國作為第一個現代民主國家，也建立了一種其他國家都在學習的模式。美國人以法國革命為例。美國革命或多或少是一場政變，而不是革命。美國的富人取代了英國的富人成為歐洲大陸的主人。但美國的改革家將革命共和國視為美國如何提高政治參與度的典范。與此同時，美國的保守派和富人指出，同一個政府是認為窮人不可信的原因。政府認為，窮人是嗜血的野蠻人。
法國的例子為整個歐洲在廢除君主制后的200年建立的共和國奠定了基礎。第二共和國和第三共和國仍然堅定地證明了這是可以做到的。
不管怎樣，這場革命立即取得了成功，因為它一舉消滅了世襲的億萬富翁階層。人頭滾滾，寄生在社會上的寄生蟲被窮人吞噬。我們都應該效仿。
After the French Revolution, France experienced several types of government that evolved over time.
Initially, the Revolution led to the abolition of the monarchy and the proclamation of the First Republic in 1792. This government was led by an elected National Convention and had a constitution that established universal male suffrage, but was also marked by strong political instability and internal conflicts.
In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Republic government and took power as First Consul, establishing the Consulate. In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor and founded the First French Empire, characterized by an authoritarian and centralized system.
After Napoleon's fall in 1814, the monarchy was restored with Louis XVIII as king. However, this restoration was short-lived, as in 1830 a new revolution erupted and led to the advent of Louis-Philippe I, who established a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy known as the July Monarchy.
In 1848, a new revolution took place, this time with the proclamation of the Second Republic, which lasted until 1852. However, this period was characterized by intense political struggles, economic instability, and violent repression of some social revolts, such as the one in June 1848 in Paris.
Finally, in 1870, the Third Republic was proclaimed after France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. This republic was the most enduring and lasted until World War II, even though it was marked by significant political and social crises, including the Dreyfus Affair and the rise of the far-right in the 1930s.
法國大革命后，法國經歷了幾種類型的政府，隨著時間的推移而演變。
最初，革命導致廢除君主制，并于1792年宣布成立第一共和國。本屆政府由民選國民大會領導，憲法規定了男性普選權，但也存在著強烈的政治不穩定和內部沖突。
1799年，拿破侖·波拿巴推翻了共和國政府，并以第一領事的身份掌權，建立了領事館。1804年，他加冕為皇帝，建立了以獨裁和中央集權制度為特征的第一法蘭西帝國。
1814年拿破侖倒臺后，君主制得以恢復，路易十八成為國王。然而，這種恢復是短暫的，因為1830年爆發了一場新的革命，并導致了路易·菲利普一世的出現，他建立了一個被稱為七月君主制的憲法和議會君主制。
1848年，一場新的革命發生了，這一次是第二共和國的宣布，一直持續到1852年。然而，這一時期的特點是激烈的政治斗爭、經濟不穩定和對一些社會起義的暴力鎮壓，例如1848年6月在巴黎發生的起義。
最后，在1870年，法國在普法戰爭中戰敗后，第三共和國宣告成立。這個共和國是最持久的，一直持續到第二次世界大戰，盡管它經歷了重大的政治和社會危機，包括德雷福斯事件和20世紀30年代極右翼的崛起。
There are several major causes of the French Revolution.
First was the financial crisis France was facing. France was actually a very wealthy and powerful nation in the late 18th century, but the French Crown (aka the Government) was in serious debt (sound familiar?). The reason for this debt was because France spent lots of money on the Seven Years War and the American Revolution, and because how France collected taxes (more on that later)
Second, France suffered a serious of famines in 1788 and 1789 that resulted in bread riots across the nation.
Third was the spread of the Enlightenment that bred ideas such as separation of powers and freedom of speech and press. When the Revolution started, few in France actually advocated for republicanism. That came later. Until 1793, most people in France (including people like Jean-Paul Marat) were monarchists.
法國大革命有幾個主要原因。
首先是法國面臨的金融危機。事實上，在18世紀末，法國是一個非常富裕和強大的國家，但法國王室（又名政府）負債累累（聽起來很熟悉嗎？）。造成這種債務的原因是法國在七年戰爭和美國獨立戰爭上花費了大量資金，以及法國的征稅方式(后面會詳細介紹)。
其次，法國在1788年和1789年遭受了嚴重的饑荒，導致了全國范圍內的面包騷亂。
第三是啟蒙運動的傳播，孕育了權力分立、言論和新聞自由等思想。革命開始時，法國很少有人真正提倡共和主義。那是后來發生的。直到1793年，法國的大多數人（包括讓-保爾·馬拉這樣的人）都是君主主義者。
第四是法國三級會議與政府之間的關系。前兩個階層，神職人員和貴族，不到人口的5%，但控制了大部分財富和權力。然而，第二階層貴族對兩件事深感不滿：君主制的權力集中和崛起的第三階層。與流行的觀念相反，并不是第三階層的每個人都很窮。事實上，第三階層的許多成員比貴族更富有。法國正在經歷一場經濟繁榮，這場繁榮造就了一個龐大的中產階級。中產階級想要更多的政治權力。他們還對自己納稅而貴族不納稅感到不滿。大部分財富仍然掌握在貴族手中，所以他們不納稅是導致法國債務危機的原因。
Louis was content to give into the Convention's demands (which were pretty mild) but events took a turn for the worse in Paris. The bread riots continued, and a rumour was spreading that troops were being sent in to destroy the Convention. On 14 July 1789, the Paris mob broke into the Bastille Prison demanding weapons. They massacred the guards and put the governor of the Bastille's head on a pike. The storming of the Bastille is the real start of the Revolution because it inspired a general wave of riots that caused the peasants to burn down manor houses and ended feudalism and resulted in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
在1788年。路易十六宣布，三級會議將于次年召開，以解決債務危機。他的目標是向貴族征稅。第二階層不會接受這些。更復雜的是，各階層不是按人均投票，而是按整體投票。這意味著，盡管第三階層的人數超過了第一和第二階層，因為他們是按階層投票的，但前兩個階層總是一起投票，并擊敗了第三階層。第三階層決定離開三級會議，路易擔心會發生暴動，就把他們鎖在大廳外面。他們搬到附近的網球場，并于1789年6月20日簽署了所謂的《網球場誓言》，更名為國民會議?？梢哉f，這是革命的開始。
路易滿足于接受國民會議的要求(相當溫和)，但在巴黎，事態惡化了。面包騷亂仍在繼續，有謠言說軍隊正在被派去摧毀國民會議。1789年7月14日，巴黎暴徒闖入巴士底獄索要武器。他們屠殺了衛兵，并把巴士底獄總督的頭掛在長矛上。攻占巴士底獄是革命的真正開端，因為它激發了一波普遍的騷亂，導致農民燒毀莊園，結束了封建制度，并產生了《人權和公民權利宣言》