法國大革命后的法國是什么樣的政府?（二）
What type of government was France after the French Revolution?
譯文簡介
網友：誰資助了法國大革命？
很簡單：瑞士銀行家。內克爾（Necker）就是其中之一。他們想要一個中央儲備銀行，這要歸功于一個類似于他們建立美國聯邦儲備銀行的過程。在美國，他們與抵制的總統斗爭了一個世紀，直到他們成功繞過威爾遜，威爾遜一直說他無意中背叛了他的國家。
正文翻譯
What type of government was France after the French Revolution?
法國大革命后的法國是什么樣的政府?
法國大革命后的法國是什么樣的政府?
評論翻譯
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Who bankrolled the French Revolution?
It’s rather simple: Swiss bankers. Necker was one. They wanted a central reserve bank, and they got it thanks to a process similar to the one they used to get the American Federal Reserve Bank. In America, they battled for a century against presidents who resisted , before they managed to circumvent Wilson, who went on saying he had unwittingly betrayed his country.
In France, they had a few helpers, but only got what they wanted with Napoleon.
However, I very strongly doubt that Jewish bankers had that much influence. Never underestimate Calvinist bankers…
誰資助了法國大革命？
很簡單：瑞士銀行家。內克爾（Necker）就是其中之一。他們想要一個中央儲備銀行，這要歸功于一個類似于他們建立美國聯邦儲備銀行的過程。在美國，他們與抵制的總統斗爭了一個世紀，直到他們成功繞過威爾遜，威爾遜一直說他無意中背叛了他的國家。
在法國，他們有一些幫手，但只從拿破侖那里得到了他們想要的。
然而，我非常懷疑猶太銀行家是否有那么大的影響力。永遠不要低估加爾文主義的銀行家…
Did the French Revolution yield a positive result for France?
this answer took me over half an hour to type so i am thankful of you all taking the time to read it:) up-votes greatly appreciated:)
In the long term it yielded a positive result as it made France independent from their monarchy’s rule. It also encouraged other countries to rebel against there rulers such as Ireland with Theobald Wolfe Tone against the British rulers in 1798.
But in the short term things wasn’t so good.
It lead to the reign of terror where around 40,000 people died and 6,000 of them in Paris alone.
It lead to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte who started wars throughout Europe where around five million people died but like a few other people, one of the reasons of his downfall was the failed French invasion of “Russia”.
So depending on what way you look at it the French revolution had its ups and downs just like every other war.
法國大革命給法國帶來了積極的結果嗎？
這個答案我花了半個多小時打字，所以我很感謝你們花時間閱讀，非常感謝點贊
從長遠來看，它產生了積極的結果，使法國擺脫了君主制的統治。它還鼓勵其他國家反抗那里的統治者，比如1798年，西奧博爾德·沃爾夫·托內在愛爾蘭反對英國統治者
但從短期來看，情況并不是那么好。
它導致了恐怖統治，約有40000人死亡，其中僅巴黎就有6000人死亡。
這導致了拿破侖·波拿巴的崛起，他在整個歐洲發動了戰爭，約有500萬人死亡，但與其他少數人一樣，他倒臺的原因之一是法國入侵“俄國”失敗。
所以這取決于你怎么看待它，法國革命就像其他戰爭一樣起起伏伏。
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處
Because of the “bourgeoisie”, the wealthy middle class, who were kept as second class citizens because they were commoners and not aristocrats. They created wealth, paid heavy taxes and had no political power. Besides, the whole 18th century had seen an economic and cultural boom with big freedom of expression, and a tradition of political criticism had appeared with Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau. Despite the image of peasant and urban mobs, all the leaders of the Revolution were from bourgeois families, or else they would not have had an education. It took highly literate people to create such a system.
France was not the only country to have a “bourgeoisie”. The other countries who had a wealthy middle class happened to be protestant ones. Britain and Sweden had parliamentary systems, so that wealthy commoners had their word to say. The Netherlands and Switzerland had semi-republican systems from their beginning, and aristocracies hardly existed. Germany was a bunch of absolutist statelets, but there was a number of free cities where merchants held all the power. The French system remained very rigid and not adapted to modern realities, as an absolute monarchy supported by a very conservative church. So were Spain, Austria or Italian states, but these had weak bourgeoisies.
因為“資產階級”，富裕的中產階級，他們被保留為二等公民，因為他們是平民而不是貴族。他們創造財富，繳納重稅，卻沒有政治權力。此外，整個18世紀經濟文化繁榮，言論自由極大，伏爾泰、孟德斯鳩、盧梭等人形成了政治批評的傳統。盡管有農民和城市暴民的形象，但革命的所有領導人都來自資產階級家庭，否則他們就不會接受教育,只有受過高等教育的人才能創造這樣的體制。
法國并不是唯一一個擁有“資產階級”的國家。其他擁有富裕中產階級的國家恰好是新教國家。英國和瑞典都有議會制度，所以富有的平民有發言權。荷蘭和瑞士從一開始就實行半共和制，貴族幾乎不存在。德國是一群專制小國，但也有一些自由城市，商人掌握著所有的權力。作為一個由非常保守的教會支持的絕對君主制，法國的制度仍然非常僵化，不適應現代現實。西班牙、奧地利或意大利國家也是如此，但這些國家的資產階級就很勢弱了。
France was not the first country to have a republic, not the first to have a revolution, not the first to have a constitution, not the first to have a parliament. Not the first to execute its king (England had done this in 1649…). It was however the first country to make a declaration of human rights, to have a national flag, a national anthem, a national holiday. It was the first to proclaim reason as the main principle of its ideology.
The infamous “Terreur” came in the later years, after neighboring monarchies tried to stop contagion, and the regime became paranoid and saw traitors everywhere. Mass public executions, including the royal family’s, made understandably a horrific impression around the world. Still, the ideology of “freedom” was popular, as the Revolutionary system was replaced by different governments (Consulat, directoire) which were equally held by the bourgeoisie. Without popular support, Napoleon would not have been able to organize mass mobilization against the enemies around France, and defeat them all.
后來發生了一場金融危機和連續幾次歉收，才導致累積的緊張局勢爆發，憤怒的暴民在1789年7月14日襲擊了巴士底獄。這是一個象征，因為那里關押著政治犯，但當時只剩下七名。誰也沒有想到接下來幾年發生的幻覺事件，也沒有想到它們會對世界產生的影響。
法國不是第一個建立共和國的國家，不是第一個發動革命的國家，也不是第一個制定憲法的國家，更不是第一個擁有議會的國家。不是第一個處決國王的國家（英格蘭在1649年就這樣做了…）。然而，它是第一個發表人權宣言、擁有國旗、國歌和國定假日的國家。它是第一個宣稱理性是其意識形態的主要原則的國家。
臭名昭著的“恐怖統治時期(Terreur)”出現在后來的幾年里，在鄰國的君主試圖阻止傳染之后，這個政權變得偏執，到處都是叛徒。包括王室在內的大規模公開處決給全世界留下了可怕的印象，這是可以理解的。盡管如此，“自由”的意識形態還是很流行，因為革命制度被資產階級擁有的不同政府（領事館、直接政府）所取代。如果沒有民眾的支持，拿破侖就不可能組織大規模群眾對抗法國周圍的敵人，并將他們全部擊敗。
Why did France become a republic after the French Revolution?
The French Revolution had resulted in the mass extermination of most of their aristocracy, from the King (Louis XVI) downwards. About 16,000 people were executed, though not all of them aristocracy; for many of the revolutionaries it was a great opportunity to settle old grudges.
From then onwards, Napoleon became the first President of France, and duly created himself as Emperor, and in due course this began to turn into a new dynasty as his nephew Louis became Napoleon III, France’s last King.
His career ended ignominiously, after the failure of a war against Prussia in 1870, and he was unceremoniously dethroned. He was exiled to England, where he died three years later, and is buried there.
為什么法國在法國大革命后成為共和國？
法國大革命導致了從國王（路易十六）到貴族的大規模滅絕。大約16000人被處決，盡管并非所有人都是貴族；對許多革命者來說，這是一個解決宿怨的大好機會。
從那時起，拿破侖成為法國第一任總統，并正式自立為皇帝，在適當的時候，隨著他的侄子路易成為法國最后一位國王拿破侖三世，這個王朝開始演變成一個新的王朝。
1870年對普魯士的戰爭失敗后，他的皇帝生涯可恥地結束了，他被毫不客氣地廢黜了。他被流放到英國，三年后在那里去世，并被埋葬在那里。
The duration of the French Revolution is of some historical controversy, being defined variously (as far as I know) as beginning in 1789 (by some definitions, on July 14, the date of the Storming of the Bastille) or earlier, and concluding either with Napoleon’s assumption of the First Consulship on November 9, 1799, or his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815 and subsequent deposition on June 25 and exile to the island of St. Helena, where he died in 1821.
The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to the throne of the Kingdom of France on July 8. The condition of the state was of disarray and utter defeat, which Napoleon encountered pointedly when he failed to garner continued political support for his resistance against the coalition of the European powers upon returning to Paris from Waterloo. Bourbon rule would continue until the Revolution of 1848, but the power of the monarchy was markedly curbed after 1836, the intervening period of constitutional rule being referred to as the “July Monarchy.” French Republicanism and the throes of empire would be reinvigorated by the figure of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon I’s grandnephew, who first served as the first President of the French Republic and later declared himself emperor (styled as Napoleon III) on December 2, 1852. That polity would meet its demise in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, with a Prussian/German victory at the Battle of Sedan leading to Napoleon III’s capture and his abdication from his self-proclaimed imperial throne. For some historians of modern France, the “French Revolution” as a political and cultural phenomenon could be said to extend into the late nineteenth century, which its effects to some extent continuing to reverberate in contemporary French political culture.
As for the earlier abolition of republican government under Napoleon I, the de jure declaration of its end (the proclamation of Napoleon’s I’s First French Empire) occurred on May 18, 1804, with the adoption of a new constitution. Napoleon was crowned as Napoleon I on December 2 of the same year.
法國大革命的持續時間有一些歷史爭議，（據我所知）從1789年開始（根據一些定義，是在7月14日，巴士底獄暴動之日）或更早，到1799年11月9日拿破侖就任第一總統，要么到1815年6月18日的滑鐵盧戰役中戰敗，隨后在6月25日被免職，流放到圣赫勒拿島，1821年去世。
波旁王朝于7月8日恢復了法蘭西王國的王位。國家的狀況是一片混亂和徹底的失敗，拿破侖從滑鐵盧回到巴黎后，未能繼續獲得反對歐洲列強聯盟的政治支持，就明顯地遇到了這種情況。波旁王朝的統治將持續到1848年革命，但君主的權力在1836年之后明顯受到限制，這段立憲統治時期被稱為“七月君主制”。法國的共和主義和帝國的陣痛將被拿破侖一世的侄孫路易-拿破侖·波拿巴的形象重新振興，他首先擔任法蘭西共和國的第一任總統，后來在1852年12月2日宣布自己為皇帝（自稱拿破侖三世）。這種政體將在1870年至1871年的普法戰爭中消亡，普魯士/德國在色當戰役中獲勝，導致拿破侖三世被俘并從他自稱的皇帝寶座上退位。對于一些研究現代法國的歷史學家來說，“法國大革命”作為一種政治和文化現象可以說一直延續到19世紀晚期，其影響在某種程度上繼續影響著當代法國的政治文化。
關于拿破侖一世早期廢除共和政府的問題，1804年5月18日，隨著新憲法的通過，共和政府在法律上宣告結束（拿破侖一世的第一個法蘭西帝國的宣告）。同年12月2日，拿破侖被加冕為拿破侖一世。
It was not, not as revolutions go. There were perhaps 30,000 deaths. By comparison, the American Revolution killed 130,000, and the US population was far smaller.
The Haitian Revolution killed over 300,000, including 40% of the entire Haitian population, an attempted genocide by Napoleon.
The Mexican Revolution killed 10 million. The Russian Revolution killed up to 12 million.
The image of the FR as so bloody comes from royalist, anti radical, or even anti democratic propaganda. Among the victims were 300 or so aristocrats. Killing them got as much attention as killing 300 of the wealthiest Americans would today, eg Gates, Buffet, Zuckerberg, Kennedys, Bushes, etc. (No, not Trump, he’s way down the list.)
不是的，革命不是那樣的。大約有3萬人死亡。相比之下，美國獨立戰爭造成13萬人死亡，而美國人口要少得多。
海地革命造成30多萬人死亡，其中包括海地總人口的40%，這是拿破侖的種族滅絕企圖。
墨西哥革命導致1000萬人死亡。俄羅斯革命導致多達1200萬人死亡。
法國大革命如此血腥的形象來自?；庶h、反激進主義的甚至反民主的宣傳。受害者中有大約300名貴族。殺死他們所引起的關注，就像今天殺死300個最富有的美國人一樣，比如蓋茨、巴菲特、扎克伯格、肯尼迪、布什等(不，不是特朗普，他排在榜單的后面)。
How did the government change during the French Revolution?
I would be interested to read what someone schooled in France would say. France was a monarchy prior to the French Revolution. Although the monarch had absolute power, he shared administration with the Estates-General, which was largely controlled by the nobility abd the church. The third estate (in theory “the common people,” but in fact the middle class) took control of France after the storming of the Bastille in 1789; accordingly, you need to know about the Tennis Court Oath :
On 20 June 1789, the members of the French Third Estate took the Tennis Court Oath in the tennis court which had been built in 1686 for the use of the Versailles palace. The vote was "not to separate and to reassemble wherever necessary until the Constitution of the kingdom is established.
At this point, France looks much like a constitutional monarchy,at least, on paper. But the Third Estate could not run the country on a day to day basis as the monarchical bureaucracy had done.
法國大革命期間政府是如何變化的？
我很想知道在法國接受教育的人會怎么說。法國大革命前是君主制國家。盡管君主擁有絕對的權力，但他與三級會議共同管理，第三階層(理論上是指普通民眾，但實際上是指在1789年攻占巴士底獄后控制了法國的中產階級;因此，你需要了解《網球場誓言》:
1789年6月20日，法國第三階層的成員在1686年為凡爾賽宮而建的網球場舉行了網球場宣誓儀式。投票結果是“在王國憲法建立之前,不分離,在任何必要的地方重新集合“。
在這一點上，法國看起來很像一個君主立憲制國家，至少在理論上是這樣。但第三階層無法像君主制官僚機構那樣日復一日地管理國家。