簡言之，英國的歷史是怎樣的?（一）
What is the UK's history in a nutshell?
譯文簡介
網友：新獨立的英國很快就被撒克遜人入侵，他們被英國人同化，成為盎格魯-撒克遜人。這些盎格魯-撒克遜人面臨著來自另一群入侵者維京人的問題。英格蘭尚未統一的事實對這種情況也沒有幫助......
正文翻譯
What is the UK's history in a nutshell?
簡言之，英國的歷史是怎樣的?
評論翻譯
相關鏈接
-
- 為什么猶太人在歷史上一直受到針對？ 2023/04/10 8257 26 0
-
- “你相信的關于歷史的一切，至少90%都是錯誤的”《美國最骯臟的秘密 2023/04/02 5641 8 0
-
- 抱怨條件的英國尋求庇護者“受到去盧旺達的威脅” 2023/03/30 5995 30 0
-
- 為什么英國人不愿承認美國是全世界最棒的國家，英格蘭在美國面前一 2023/03/22 7391 21 0
-
- 英國健康專家警告稱，電子煙在青少年中“流行” 2023/03/21 3341 17 0
-
- “充滿敵意、專制”——英國公民自由指數下降 2023/03/17 5572 9 0
-
- 歐洲極右翼人士稱贊英國的非法移民法案 2023/03/17 3808 10 0
-
- 調查顯示，英國是在離婚和墮胎問題上最自由的國家之一 2023/03/10 5449 9 0
In the beginning, there was a peninsula. Humans crossed over onto this peninsula over a piece of land called Doggerland. Then Doggerland was flooded, and the peninsula became an Island. The native inhabitants of the island spent a few thousand years doing Celtic stuff, before Julius Caesar decided he liked the look of the Island, which the Romans called Britannia, and claimed it for Rome. He tried to invade twice, and failed both times. However, the Roman Emperor Claudius succeeded, and The southern part of Britannia became part of the Roman Empire (the northern part, inhabited by the Picts, were successful in keeping the Romans out).
During this time, the regional capital of Britannia was established on a river, called Londinium. Also an East Anglian tribal leader called Boadicea got oppressed particularly badly by the Romans, and so led an uprising to take back control. She lost, but not before torching several major cities.
一開始，這里有一個半島。人類越過一片叫做多格蘭的土地來到了這個半島。然后多格蘭被洪水淹沒，半島變成了一個島。島上的土著居民花了幾千年的時間做凱爾特的事情，直到凱撒大帝確認他喜歡這個島嶼的外觀，羅馬人稱之為不列顛尼亞，并宣稱它為羅馬。他兩次試圖入侵，兩次都失敗了。。然而，羅馬皇帝克勞迪斯成功了，不列顛尼亞的南部成為羅馬帝國的一部分（皮克特人居住的北部成功地將羅馬人拒之門外）。
在此期間，不列顛尼亞的地區首府建在一條叫做倫敦的河上。此外，一位名叫博阿迪西亞的東安格利亞部落領袖受到羅馬人的特別嚴重的壓迫，因此領導了一場奪回控制權的起義。她失敗了，但在此之前，她燒毀了幾個主要城市。
Newly independent Britain was promptly invaded by the Saxons, who got assimilated into the British population and became Anglo-Saxons. These Anglo Saxons faced problems from another group of invaders, Vikings. This was not helped by the fact England was not united yet. In this period the only two rulers in British history to get the name “the great” ruled: Alfred (an Anglo-Saxon) and Cnut ( a Viking). Eventually, England was unified, but the Vikings were still being a pain.
However, in 1066 a third group of invaders arrived: Normans. 1066 saw two invasions of England. The Anglo-Saxons beat the Vikings at Stamford Bridge, but lost to the Normans because they were tired and had taken losses while doing this (never let it be said we make excuses for our defeats.)
最后，羅馬人不得不回家，因為羅馬受到蠻族的威脅，他們需要軍隊駐扎在那里。
新獨立的英國很快就被撒克遜人入侵，他們被英國人同化，成為盎格魯-撒克遜人。這些盎格魯-撒克遜人面臨著來自另一群入侵者維京人的問題。英格蘭尚未統一的事實對這種情況也沒有幫助。在這一時期，英國歷史上只有兩位統治者被稱為“偉人”:阿爾弗雷德(盎格魯-撒克遜人)和克努特(維京人)。最終，英格蘭統一了，但維京人仍然是一個麻煩。
然而，1066年，第三批入侵者抵達：諾曼人。1066年發生了兩次對英格蘭的入侵。盎格魯-撒克遜人在斯坦福橋擊敗了維京人，但輸給了諾曼人，因為他們太累了，在這樣做的過程中遭受了損失（千萬不要說我們為失敗找借口。）
Then the Hundred Years War started, after the French tried to lord it over the King of England and the King of England obxted and tried to push a claim . The English won battles like Agincourt and Crecy, but lost the war. However, a civil war had broken out at home between two rival dynasties to the throne. It ended in 1486 with neither of them winning and the Tudors taking power. Henry VII had to consolidate his dynasty's power, and spent much of his time crushing rebellions. Henry VIII is most famous for his frankly obscene amount of wives. Oh, and he also broke away from the Catholic Church. Edward died young, Lady Jane Grey only had 9 days on the throne and was then executed, Mary I married the King of Spain, turned England Catholic again and then persecuted heretics, and Elizabeth I annoyed the Spanish, turned England protestant again, beat off a Spanish invasion fleet then died without an heir. The English turned to the Scots, and invited their King, James VI, to become King James I of England too. It was at this time the first English colonies in America were founded. Also some terrorists tried to blow up parliament and failed.
在接下來的幾年里，英國人與蘇格蘭人、穆斯林（十字軍東征）、法國人以及彼此作戰?！洞髴椪隆肥窃诩s翰國王惹惱貴族時簽署的。
隨后，百年戰爭開始了，法國人試圖凌駕于英格蘭國王之上統治英國，但英國國王反對并試圖提出索賠。英國人贏得了像 阿金庫爾戰役和克里西戰役，但輸掉了戰爭。然而，國內兩個爭奪王位的王朝之間爆發了內戰。戰爭于1486年結束，雙方均未獲勝，都鐸王朝掌權。亨利七世不得不鞏固其王朝的權力，并花費了大量時間鎮壓叛亂。亨利八世最出名的是他的妻子數量之多。對了，他還脫離了天主教會。愛德華英年早逝，簡·格雷夫人在位僅9天就被處決，瑪麗一世嫁給了西班牙國王，使英格蘭再次皈依天主教，然后迫害異教徒，伊麗莎白一世惹惱了西班牙人，使英格蘭再次皈依天主教，擊退了西班牙入侵艦隊，然后在沒有繼承人的情況下去世。英格蘭人轉向蘇格蘭人，邀請他們的國王詹姆斯六世也成為英格蘭國王詹姆斯一世。正是在這個時候，英國在美洲建立了第一批殖民地。還有一些恐怖分子試圖炸毀議會，但失敗了。
This led to the monarchy being restored on the death of Cromwell, and Charles' son, Charles II, became king. During his reign, an outbreak of the plague swept the nation, and also a massive fire hit London in 1666. King Charles was reputed to have personally led firefighting efforts, and so his popularity went up.
However, his son, James II, was not so popular, because he allied with France against the Dutch and was rumoured to be trying to turn England Catholic again. As a result, when the Dutch leader William of Orange (a Protestant) invaded and usurped the throne, Parliament allowed him to, with some checks and balances on his power. James fled, then tried to regain his power by invading Ireland. He failed.
詹姆斯的兒子查理一世相信國王的神圣權利。再加上不受歡迎的稅收、不受支持的宗教改革以及他完全無視議會，導致了內戰。?；庶h輸了。英格蘭歷史上第一次也是唯一一次成為共和國。然而，由奧利弗·克倫威爾領導的英聯邦由于其清教徒式的規則、與荷蘭的持續戰爭以及針對愛爾蘭人的可怕行為而不受歡迎（另見：Drogheda）
這導致克倫威爾去世后君主制得以恢復，查爾斯的兒子查理二世成為國王。在他統治期間，瘟疫爆發席卷全國，1666年倫敦也發生了大火。據說查爾斯國王親自領導了滅火工作，因此他的聲望上升了。
然而，他的兒子詹姆斯二世卻不那么受歡迎，因為他與法國結盟對抗荷蘭人，有傳言說他試圖讓英格蘭再次皈依天主教。結果，當荷蘭領導人奧蘭治的威廉(新教徒)入侵并篡奪王位時，議會允許他這樣做，并對他的權力進行了一些制衡。詹姆斯逃跑了，然后試圖通過入侵愛爾蘭重新掌權。他失敗了。
威廉最終死后沒有繼承人，于是他的嫂子安妮女王成為了君主。最終，她也去世了，沒有繼承人，因此（現在的英國-英格蘭和蘇格蘭于1707年統一）皇室四處游蕩，最終選定了漢諾威選帝侯，漢諾威是德國的一個州，皇室適時地來到英國，被加冕為國王喬治一世。然而，他幾乎不會說英語，認為自己更像德國人。與此同時，斯圖亞特王朝又多次試圖奪回王位。他們在蘇格蘭引發了兩次叛亂，叫做詹姆斯二世黨人起義，稱為雅各賓派叛亂。兩代斯圖亞特人進行了嘗試，但兩代斯圖亞特人失敗了，最終于1746年在英國領土上的最后一場戰役——卡洛登戰役達到高潮。在這個階段，國王喬治二世掌權了，盡管他至少會說英語，但他還是更喜歡漢諾威。1756年，七年戰爭爆發，英法為爭奪歐洲、北美、印度和其他地方的全球控制權而戰(普魯士也做了一些事情)。1759年，英國迎來了勝利之年，他們大獲全勝，以至于教堂的鐘聲都被震壞了。1760年，喬治三世登基，他終于認為自己是完全的英國人，而且總體上比他的前任們好一點(即使他現在幾乎沒有功勞)。
Even worse, the French then had a revolution of their own in 1789, and tried to spread the revolution around, including to Britain. They declared war on Britain in 1793, which would lead to 22 years of almost continuous warfare between the two nations, first with Revolutionary France and then Napoleonic France.
Also, in 1801 Ireland became fully incorporated into the unx.
In 1815 the Second Hundred Years War finally ended, with Britain the proud owner of a large empire and a large navy. However, there was plenty of domestic unrest and subsequent government clampdowns.
然而，七年戰爭對英國的影響卻不那么具備建設性。他們試圖向美洲殖民地征稅，因為他們從戰爭中獲益最多，但殖民地發出嘶嘶聲，宣布獨立，并在法國和西班牙的協助下獲勝，盡管英國至少保留了直布羅陀和加拿大。
更糟糕的是，法國在1789年也發生了自己的革命，并試圖將革命傳播到世界各地，包括英國。他們在1793年向英國宣戰，這導致了兩國之間22年幾乎不間斷的戰爭，首先是與大革命的法國，然后是拿破侖的法國。
此外，在1801年，愛爾蘭完全被納入聯邦。
1815年，第二次百年戰爭終于結束，英國自豪地擁有了一個龐大的帝國和一支龐大的海軍。然而，國內出現了大量騷亂，隨后政府采取了鎮壓措施。
Britain also had to deal with the Irish Potato Famine during this period. Though the government of Peel did at least try to deal with the crisis, the Whigs that came to power after Peel lost his government repealing the Corn Laws were racist, and so they pretty much let the Irish starve.
Meanwhile, the age of Gladstone and Disraeli was beginning, where the two politicians’ bids to outdo each other led to much more of the electorate getting the vote, and also set the ball rolling on Irish Home Rule.
In the early 1900s the British were dealing with Suffragettes and the calls for votes for women, Irish Home Rule and Trade unxs. These problems were all either solved or delayed by a convenient World War. After WW1, women got the vote, but the Irish had a war of independence, which was followed by a Civil War, in the 1920s. There was also a General Strike, but the Prime Minister dealt with it masterfully .
同時，工業革命正在發生，這導致了大量人口從城鎮遷移到城市，也極大地擴大了英國的人口和建設能力。
在此期間，英國還不得不應對愛爾蘭的馬鈴薯饑荒。盡管皮爾的政府至少嘗試了應對危機，但在皮爾的政府因廢除《谷物法》而失敗后上臺的輝格黨是種族主義者，所以他們讓愛爾蘭人挨餓。
與此同時，格萊斯頓和迪斯雷利的時代開始了，這兩位政治家試圖超越對方，導致更多的選民獲得了選票，也開啟了愛爾蘭的地方自治。
在20世紀初，英國人正在處理婦女參政論者和呼吁婦女投票、愛爾蘭地方自治和工會的問題。這些問題都被一場適宜的世界大戰解決了或推遲了。第一次世界大戰后，婦女獲得了選舉權，但愛爾蘭爆發了獨立戰爭，隨后在20世紀20年代爆發了內戰。還有一次總罷工，但首相巧妙地處理了它。
Also in this period the problem of how to deal with a resurgent Germany was quite pressing. Some favoured letting them unite the German people, others regarded them as an existential threat. Neville Chamberlain was initially on the side of those who wanted to let Germany unite the Germans, until he saw what the Germans did to Czechoslovakia, when he rearmed and loudly backed Poland. Germany invaded Poland, and WW2 was underway. Britain came out of that war having stood alone against an existential threat.
在20世紀30年代，華爾街崩盤導致了大規模失業，但英國人并沒有像其他國家那樣采取激進的政治手段來解決這個問題。愛德華八世是納粹的同情者，他在正式加冕之前就放棄了王位，這樣他就可以和一個叫沃利斯·辛普森的美國人結婚了。接替他的是他的弟弟喬治六世。
在這一時期，如何應對復興的德國的問題也十分緊迫。一些人贊成讓他們團結德國人民，另一些人則認為他們是一種生存威脅。內維爾·張伯倫最初站在那些希望讓德國統一德國的人一邊，直到他看到德國人對捷克斯洛伐克的所作所為，他重新武裝起來，大聲支持波蘭。德國入侵波蘭，戰爭結束后，英國獨自面對生死存亡的威脅。
In the 60s the British did invade the USA again…through the medium of song, with people like the Beatles and the Rolling Stones.
However, the 1960s through the 1990s saw The Troubles, where the Provisional IRA and unxist Paramilitaries fought each other and the British Army in Northern Ireland. The IRA wanted a United Ireland, the unxists wanted to stay in the UK.
In the 1970s there were mass strikes and eceonomic issues. Britain did at least manage to stay out of Vietnam, having had its own Vietnam moment 60 years earlier in the Second Boer War.
戰后，帝國開始離開殖民地，先是離開印度，然后離開其他國家。除了1956年對蘇伊士運河的一次失敗干預外，英國人基本上接受了帝國主義時代已經結束的事實。英國女王伊麗莎白二世于1952年登基。帝國被英聯邦所取代，這是一個擁有共同價值觀的國家聯盟，其中英國與所有其他成員平等，而不是大英帝國。
在60年代，英國人再次入侵美國，通過歌曲的媒介，比如披頭士和滾石樂隊。
然而，20世紀60年代到90年代發生了“麻煩”，臨時愛爾蘭共和軍和統一黨準軍事部隊相互爭斗，英軍也在交戰，并與英國軍隊作戰。愛爾蘭共和軍想要一個統一的愛爾蘭，統一派想留在英國。
20世紀70年代出現了大規模罷工和經濟問題。英國至少設法遠離了越南，60年前的第二次布爾戰爭中，英國也有過自己的越南時刻。
In 1984, the miners went on strike, but were defeated, effectively spelling the end of large scale coal mining.
In 1997 Hong Kong was handed back to China, which has been seen as the final death of the British Empire. The Troubles ended about the same time, when the IRA signed the Good Friday Agreement to disarm.
Britain went to war in Iraq and Afghanistan to support the Americans in their War on Terror, but Iraq certainly was never very popular with the British public.
In 2012, London hosted the Olympics.
1973年，英國加入了歐盟，但它沒有加入歐元區或申根區。1979年，英國迎來了第一位女首相瑪格麗特·撒切爾，她被蘇聯稱為“鐵娘子”。1982年阿根廷入侵?？颂m群島時，撒切爾派了一支特別部隊再次將他們趕走。他們成功了，實施入侵的阿根廷軍政府在第二年垮臺了。
1984年，礦工們舉行了罷工，但被擊敗，這實際上標志著大規模煤礦開采的結束。
1997年，香港回歸中國，這被視為大英帝國的最后滅亡。麻煩大約在同一時間結束，愛爾蘭共和軍簽署了《耶穌受難日協議》解除武裝。
英國在伊拉克和阿富汗戰爭中支持美國的反恐戰爭，但伊拉克肯定從來沒有受到英國公眾的歡迎。
2012年，倫敦主辦了奧運會。
In 2015, a General Election was held. The conservatives under David Cameron won, but with the fateful promise that they would hold a referendum on EU membership.
That referendum took place in 2016, and the UK voted to leave.
As of 2017, Theresa May is in charge, and there are huge question marks hanging over the future of the UK.
(EDITED to bring the answer more up to date and add additional information about the 20th century.)
2014年，蘇格蘭人舉行了一次公投，以確定他們是否應該從英國獨立。支持獨立的運動失敗了，但此后開始游說另一場獨立運動。
2015年，舉行了大選。大衛·卡梅倫領導下的保守派贏得了勝利，但他們做出了決定性的承諾，他們會就是否留在歐盟舉行公投。
公投于2016年舉行，英國投票決定脫歐。
截至2017年，特雷莎·梅（Theresa May）執掌大權，英國的未來仍有巨大的問號。
（經過編輯，使答案更加與時俱進，并添加有關20世紀的更多信息。）
In 1657 Thomas Garway started selling tea in his coffee shop and though Charles II taxed it and required coffee house owners to buy licenses (a lot of loose political talk happened in coffee houses over both tea and coffee) it caught on and was firmly established by 1700 and a British favourite by 1750. High taxes led to lucrative tea smuggling and the desire for tea led to the design of fast clipper ships to rush it back to the UK from India. The demand for tea cups and pots helped the industrial revolution along, especially in the midlands, and tea spoons poured out of Sheffield.
More rain, but punctuated by the sound of spoon on porcelain.
1657年，托馬斯·加韋開始在他的咖啡店賣茶，盡管查理二世對其征稅，并要求咖啡館老板購買許可證（咖啡館里發生了很多關于茶和咖啡的松散政治言論），但它還是流行起來了，并在1700年站穩了腳跟，在1750年成為英國人的最愛。高稅收導致了利潤豐厚的茶葉走私，對茶葉的渴望導致了快速快船的設計，對茶杯和茶壺的需求推動了工業革命的發展，尤其是在中部地區，茶勺從謝菲爾德源源不斷地流出。
又下起了雨，但不時傳來勺子敲擊瓷器的聲音。