古希臘是否從古埃及偷走了哲學和數學?
Did Ancient Greece steal philosophy and math from Ancient Egypt?
譯文簡介
古希臘是否從古埃及偷走了哲學和數學?
正文翻譯

圖。
評論翻譯
相關鏈接
-
- 科學和哲學有什么區別? 2023/03/27 4668 26 1
-
- (舊聞)芝加哥民主黨人敲響警鐘,因55所學校報告缺乏熟練的數學或閱 2023/03/26 6710 25 1
-
- QA問答:無神論者,想象你正在教一個基督教嬰兒數學,你陷入了一個 2023/02/16 13648 60 1
-
- 有什么好笑的數學笑話嗎? 2023/01/15 3864 11 1
-
- 為什么數學老師這么不擅長解釋(二) 2022/09/17 3218 4 1
-
- 為什么數學老師這么不擅長解釋(一) 2022/09/17 3869 14 1
-
- 什么是數學?(1) 2022/08/11 4020 13 1
-
- 道家陰陽哲學:我單身是為了別人有對象,我丑是為了讓別人更漂亮… 2022/06/28 18136 27 1
I have answered this same question many times before in Quora. To put it brief: many historical documents show that Egyptians had the basic knowledge about the geometry, although most of it was created for practical purposes. Every Greek early philosopher up to Aristotle praise the Egyptian geometry, Astrology and other wisdom they practiced.
我以前在Quora回答過很多次同樣的問題。簡而言之:許多歷史文獻表明,埃及人擁有關于幾何學的基本知識,盡管其中大部分是為實用目的而創造的。每個希臘早期的哲學家直到亞里士多德都稱贊埃及人的幾何學、占星術和其他他們實踐的智慧。
畢達哥拉斯、泰勒斯和許多其他人在埃及研究過幾何,這也是事實。就連勾股直角三角形的方程式似乎也為古埃及人和巴比倫人所知。
但是:即使歐幾里得書中的一些定理被埃及人和其他人知道,它也只是希臘數學的一小部分:初級部分。希臘人認為幾何學是一種神圣的藝術,可以研究真正的存在,許多晚期古希臘幾何學家的定理,如迪奧潘圖斯、佩爾加的阿波羅尼烏斯、亞歷山大的帕普斯和阿基米德的定理,顯示了希臘幾何學與其他系統的優越性: 希臘人是第一個創造了 "荒謬 "證明的人:這種證明在今天的數學中也是最有力的工具。
因此,在當代世界,"歐洲中心主義 "的希臘人和 "非洲中心主義 "的埃及人之間的斗爭是徒勞的。如果說古埃及是牛頓,那么古希臘就是愛因斯坦。牛頓絕不比愛因斯坦差,但愛因斯坦是牛頓的追隨者(和批評聲音)。當然愛因斯坦更成熟,但世界上沒有一個物理學家會把牛頓稱為 "徒勞 "或 "愚蠢"。
I really don't think that "steal" is the right word to use. Were the Egyptians practicing those sciences before the Greeks? I would say yes. The truth is, that we "all" stand on the shoulders of giants.Every invention that I can think of was either an iteration on a previous concept or was in the least built using underline technologies discovered by someone else.
我真的不認為 "偷 "是一個正確的詞。在希臘人之前,埃及人是否在實踐這些科學?我想說是的。事實是,我們 "都 "站在巨人的肩膀上。我能想到的每一項發明,要么是對以前的概念的迭代,要么至少是利用別人發現的底層技術建造的。
原創翻譯:龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處
These are technologies that have existed, even if only in a primative form, since humans have walked this earth.
The only reason this topic even comes up as often as it does is because of the racial overtones that are associated with it. This is been going on for centuries now, and is the reason why we think so highly of Hippocrates and yet so little, if at all, of Imhotep http://www.oakwood.edu/historyportal/Research/otherside/imhotep.htm
數學、化學、藝術、機械學。
這些都是自從人類在地球上行走以來一直存在的技術,即使只是以原始的形式存在。
這個話題如此頻繁地出現的唯一原因是與之相關的種族色彩。這已經持續了幾個世紀,這也是為什么我們對希波克拉底的評價如此之高,而對伊姆霍特普的評價卻如此之低(如果有的話)的原因
如果在這種情況下,偷竊的定義是使用他人的發現,并因重新發現它們、重新利用它們或以其他方式獲得對它們的進步的認可,那么我們都是小偷。
In favor of the thesis of “false originality”:
It is possible that the Egyptians had something like “philosophy” but that given the priestly castes aversion to publication of their views (a secrecy mentioned and endorsed by Plato) it may be that what the Greeks acquired from them merely appears to be a Greek invention because the Egyptians did not publish them. Similarly, while the Pythagoreans published nothing, and most of what we have of them is from students of Pythagoras who left and published their own works. From these fragments, scholars must try and reconstruct the original ideas of Pythagoras himself. Likewise, it may be the case that we have to reconstruct Egyptian thought from the Greeks and Hebrews.
支持 "虛假的原創性 "的論點:
埃及人有可能有類似于 "哲學 "的東西,但鑒于祭司階層厭惡發表他們的觀點(柏拉圖提到并贊同這種保密方式),可能希臘人從他們那里獲得的東西只是看起來是希臘人的發明,因為埃及人沒有發表它們。同樣,雖然畢達哥拉斯人沒有發表任何東西,而我們對他們的了解大多來自畢達哥拉斯的學生,他們留下并發表了自己的作品。從這些碎片中,學者們必須嘗試并重建畢達哥拉斯本人的原始思想。同樣,我們也必須從希臘人和希伯來人那里重建埃及人的思想,這可能是一種情況。
However, if you look at what the Greeks did publish, from the myths of Homer and Hesiod (which are undeniably both Greek and pre-philosophic) to Thales and Anaximander, to the Ionians, then the Eleatics, then the Athenians, you find interesting facts which are undeniable.
反對 "假原創 "的論調:
然而,如果你看看希臘人所發表的東西,從荷馬和赫西俄德的神話(不可否認,這些神話既是希臘的,也是前哲學的)到泰勒斯和阿那克西曼德,再到愛奧尼亞人,然后是埃利亞特人,然后是雅典人,你會發現有趣的事實,這是不可否認的。
2.Then you have religious movements like the mysteries with basic proto-science at the same time, including math, which everyone agrees is from the Near East.
3.Then there is a series of conflicting schools of thought whose debates make no reference to any non-Greek opinions.
4.These schools of thought develop from mythical thinking to the complete scientific world view of Aristotle without any reference to non-Greek opinions.
1.首先你從純粹的神話開始--荷馬、赫西奧德
2.然后你有宗教運動,如神秘主義,同時還有基本的原始科學,包括數學,大家都同意它來自近東。
3.然后是一系列相互沖突的思想流派,它們的辯論沒有提到任何非希臘的意見。
這些學派從神話思維發展到亞里士多德的完整科學世界觀,沒有提到任何非希臘的意見。
Nobody except the Greeks ever asked these questions, and mathematicians are still divided as to what numbers are. Are they purely mental entities? If so, are the eternally pre-existing or merely defined by convention? If they are mental, how can they be useful or applicable in the material world?
當全世界的人都在實踐科學或工程時,只有希臘人問 "什么是科學?"和 "數學對科學有什么用?" - "我們如何通過研究數學來認識外部世界的事物?"
除了希臘人,沒有人問過這些問題,而數學家們對于數字是什么仍然存在分歧。它們是純粹的精神實體嗎?如果是的話,它們是永遠預先存在的,還是僅僅由慣例定義的?如果它們是心智的,那么它們在物質世界中怎么可能有用或適用?
Anyone who bothers to read them can see that they have contributed more than geometry, astronomy, theology, myth, and medicine, which the Greeks acknowledged were important Egyptian contributions.
如果你能找到在希臘人之前提出這些問題的人,那么也許羅馬人、穆斯林、意大利人和所有后來的國家對他們的天才的欽佩就會被證明是毫無道理的。
任何費心閱讀的人都可以看到,他們的貢獻不僅僅是幾何學、天文學、神學、神話和醫學,希臘人承認這些是埃及的重要貢獻。
羅馬人征服了希臘和埃及,但是他們承認希臘人是特殊的,因為他們研讀希臘文化,并試圖在其基礎上進行改進。通過這樣做,他們成為了我們現在所稱的“受過教育的人”,而這恰好是“通識教育”這一短語現在所賦予的意義。
According to legend, solon of Athens, the founder of Athens was a good friend of the Egyptian elite. The Egyptians noticed that the Greeks suffered architectural damage due to earthquakes and yes gave them mathematical and scientific advice. I would not say the Greeks stole the knowledge because the Egyptians willingly gave the knowledge away.
據傳說,雅典的創始人索倫是埃及精英的好朋友。埃及人注意到希臘人因地震而遭受建筑破壞,是的給他們提供數學和科學建議。我不會說希臘人偷了知識,因為埃及人心甘情愿地把知識送出去。
Did Cambridge university steal knowledge from Oxford University? Just to give an example of the inability of people to grasp the true meaning of knowledge.
Knowledge is not just something one can steal. Knowledge belongs to every human being. Knowledge is a never-ending process of learning.
You either commit yourself to learn and expand your own intellectual ability and in the process, you place your little bit of contribution to the evolvement of the human kind and hence knowledge or you just refuse to learn and stay a vegetable.
劍橋大學是否從牛津大學竊取了知識?僅舉一例,說明人們沒有能力掌握知識的真正含義。知識不是一個人可以偷的東西。知識屬于每一個人。知識是一個永無止境的學習過程。你要么致力于學習和擴大自己的智力,在這個過程中,你為人類的發展和知識的發展做出自己的一點貢獻,要么你就拒絕學習,繼續做一個植物人。
No more than anybody who came after the Greeks stole it from them. Nobody owns anything in philosophy or mathematics.
It is possible that some Greek philosophers (philosophy included mathematics in those days) got some of their ideas directly from Egyptian sources. If it did happen, then by modern academic standards the Greeks should have credited those sources. But I am aware of no particular instance in which this has been documented — and the documentation would have to include identification of the Egyptian sources. Absent that kind of evidence, the accusation that the Greeks accomplished nothing that the Egyptians hadn’t already done is just silly.
沒有比在希臘人之后的任何人從他們那里偷來的更多。在哲學和數學方面沒有人擁有任何東西。
有可能一些希臘哲學家(當時的哲學包括數學)直接從埃及的來源得到了他們的一些想法。如果這確實發生了,那么按照現代學術標準,希臘人應該記下這些來源。但我不知道有什么特別的例子可以證明這一點--而且這種證明必須包括對埃及來源的確認。在沒有這種證據的情況下,指責希臘人沒有完成埃及人沒有完成的事情是很愚蠢的。
原創翻譯:龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處
That's not how these things work.Ancient Egypt may have developed math and philosophy before, contemporaneously with, or after ancient Greece, and vice versa. One culture may have imported math and philosophy from the other, or they may have developed the ideas independently. I don't know, I am not an expert in this type of thing (although I would love to hear the answer from those who do know, this is an area of interest of mine).
這些事情不是這樣的。古埃及可能在古希臘之前、同時或之后發展了數學和哲學,反之亦然。一種文化可能從另一種文化引進了數學和哲學,或者他們可能獨立發展了這些思想。我不知道,我不是這類事情的專家(雖然我很想聽聽那些知道的人的答案,這是我感興趣的一個領域)。
然而,你不能偷竊一個概念。即使希臘從埃及引進了數學和哲學,這也不意味著埃及突然被剝奪了對數學和哲學的使用。他們也沒有被剝奪任何數學和哲學的物理或智力產品。這種事情不是一個零和游戲,兩種文化都可以從他們的數學和哲學中獲得充分的好處,而不管其他文化是如何使用它們的。事實上,在一般情況下,可能在這個具體案例中也是如此,知識的積累是一個正和游戲:雙方不僅從自己的知識中受益,而且還可以從對方的知識中受益。這其中有一些例外,但這可能不是其中之一。
The Greeks took all the knowledge Egypt had to offer when they conquered it. That is how it is done in war folks, back then and today. Whether the taking is shrouded in secret or not. Let’s not be in our feelings about the past you’ll get gray hairs. Be aware I am not judging either civilization.
希臘人在征服埃及時帶走了埃及的所有知識。這就是戰爭中的做法,無論在當時還是今天都是如此。無論拿的東西是否被遮蓋在秘密之中。我們不要太過情感化對待過去,否則只會讓自己更顯老態。請注意,我不是在評判兩種文明。
偷東西與占有它是不同的。希臘人聲稱這些知識是他們自己的。戰爭的戰利品不僅僅是黃金和土地。它永遠是關于知識的人! 忘記你所聽到的??紤]到埃及文明持續的時間和它的復雜性,希臘人占有了大量的知識,我的意思是一個人要花多長時間才能學會這些知識?按希臘人的說法是幾十年。僅僅這一事實就能說明問題。讓我們現實一點,不覬覦這樣的東西是有點難的??傊?,在古埃及滅亡之前,誰會去希臘花幾年時間接受教育?沒有人。這也很能說明問題。請記住,過去是屬于人類集體的。不給予適當的榮譽或提出未經核實和不明確的信息來故意歪曲事實是倒退的,完全是浪費我們所有的時間和精力,是愚蠢的。
我們已經知道,在所謂的古希臘發展之前,埃及就是一個古老的國家。鑒于我們所知道的所有埃及王朝,古希臘并不是那么古老。事實是,希臘人和他們的祖先,以及其他一些人去埃及接受教育,就是這樣。他們為什么不呢?
埃及對希臘和周邊地區的財富有著很大的影響,這是顯而易見的事實。埃及塑造了那些在體制中處于權力地位的希臘人的思想,并最終促使了其演化。希臘人所獲取的知識被利用、抄襲和歪曲,這是很可惜的。但是,這非常正常。畢竟我們討論的是一個涉及到人類的話題,其中既有好的人,也有壞的人,在一些人身上還伴隨著精神和社交障礙??梢哉J為,每當談到希臘文化時,一個可能的觀點是,除了外表之外,希臘人幾乎完全是從埃及文化中獲取靈感的,因為后者對前者及其祖先和整個古代世界都產生了深遠影響。
If a farmer in a field somewhere invented math to calculate square acreage it would be lost to history: you need cities and scribes keeping records to show what math knowledge people had where and when. The people between the Tigris and Euphrates had civilization first, before Egypt, and Egypt did before the Myceneans and Cretans, who did before what we think of as “the Greeks”. Each passed knowledge to the next, and each invented new math concepts which they passed to the next that the former did not have. Ideas were not “owned”. The Mayans were probably the first to have a concept of “zero” (which troubled the philosophical Greeks, who didn’t like the idea of nothingness), but developed in isolation; math concepts in East Indian history are of disputed dates but may have derived from the Harappans for all we know. China probably developed independently like the Mayans.
如果一個在某個地方的農民發明了用于計算廣場英畝的數學方法,這種知識有可能會因為缺乏城市和文員留下的記錄而被遺忘在歷史長河中。兩河流域地區是最早擁有文明的地方,比埃及更早;而埃及又比邁錫尼人和克里特人早,后者又比我們通常所稱的“希臘人”早。每一代人都將自己擁有的知識傳承給下一代,同時又為后來者發明了新的數學概念。在這個過程中,人類并不存在所謂的“所有權”?;蛟S瑪雅人是最早有“零”的概念的人類(其中引發了哲學上的爭議,因為希臘人對“虛無”這一概念并不善于理解),但這種思想發展是相對孤立的;東印度歷史上的數學概念是存在爭議的,但它們也可能來源于哈拉帕文化。中國的數學發展可能與瑪雅人類似,即獨立開發。
希臘人(畢達哥拉斯人)可能是第一個崇拜數學的人,而且肯定取得了他們的祖先沒有取得的巨大進步,包括計算出地球周長的體面近似值,"歐幾里德 "在幾何證明中總結的進步,并產生了歷史上最偉大的思想之一,阿基米德。
原創翻譯:龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處
People communicate with, and learn from each other.
Steal is not an aproperate word to describe any historical events, because anyone who have the original claim of 'being stolen' have been died and became irrelevent. We use the word 'influence'.
Now in many counties people use fork and knife to eat food; say Greek invented them, do we steal this ideal from Greeks?
I am now using Latin alphabet to wrint down things, did we steal language from Ancient Rome (who did they steal from)?
I like the yellow painting of your house, I painted my house yellow, do I have to request your permission?
人們相互交流,相互學習。
偷竊并不是描述任何歷史事件的恰當詞匯,因為任何最初聲稱 "被偷竊 "的人都已經死亡,變得無關緊要。我們使用 "影響 "這個詞。
現在在許多國家,人們使用叉子和刀子吃東西;說是希臘人發明的,難道我們從希臘人那里偷了這個理想?
我現在用拉丁字母來寫東西,我們是不是從古羅馬偷了語言(他們偷了誰的)?
我喜歡你的房子的黃色畫,我把我的房子涂成黃色,我需要請求你的同意嗎?
The very word philosophy is Greek. Considering that and that I have never seen any kind of Egyptian philosophy to predate the scientifically proved and specified in time Greek ideas, I gather that there is no such possibility. Keep in mind that there is no parthenogenesis, Greek word for Virgin birth, in art generally. Every original idea is never entirely original. These two civilizations certainly came in exchange of ideas and it is entirely possible that some Greek ideas where in origin inspired by Egyptian customs or way of thought. However without basing this on any particular knowledge, Egyptians and Greeks developed as two different schools of thought and the ideas of state, person, politics, democracy, ethics and the detachment from the divine, just to name a few, are both of core importance to classic Greek philosophy but not present in the Egyptian culture in any expression of life.
哲學這個詞是希臘語??紤]到這一點,以及我從未見過任何種類的埃及哲學能早于科學證明和具體時間的希臘思想,我認為不存在這種可能性。請記住,在藝術中一般不存在孤雌生殖,即希臘語中的處女誕生。每一個原創的想法都不可能是完全原創的。這兩個文明肯定是在交流思想中產生的,而且完全有可能一些希臘的思想起源于埃及的習俗或思想方式的啟發。然而,在沒有任何特定知識的基礎上,埃及人和希臘人是作為兩個不同的思想流派發展起來的,國家、個人、政治、民主、道德和脫離神性的思想,僅舉幾例,都是希臘古典哲學的核心要義,但在埃及文化中沒有任何生活表現。
另一個觀點是,亞歷山大大帝在征服埃及時受到的歡迎。亞歷山大代表了柏拉圖的學生亞里士多德所傳授的希臘思維方式,他作為阿蒙-宙斯的兒子受到歡迎,而阿蒙是希臘宙斯和埃及阿蒙的雜交品種。這表明這兩個民族的親密關系,但也有明顯的區別。
原創翻譯:龍騰網 http://www.minocquamortgage.com 轉載請注明出處
I agree “steal" is too strong term, it was more of a vicious exploitation of intellectual property than anything.
The pythagoras theorem did not belong to Pythagoras, and he or nobody else cared to give the credit to the KM.Tic scientist.
There are numerous other instances as happened similar to the above.
Why is it that even now people still refuse to a give the people of KM.T their due credit.
我同意 "偷 "這個詞太強烈了,這更像是對知識產權的惡性剝削。
畢達哥拉斯定理并不屬于畢達哥拉斯,他或其他人都不關心把功勞歸于埃及科學家。
類似于上述情況的例子還有很多。
為什么到現在人們仍然拒絕給埃及以應有的榮譽。
Most people are not informed of the fact that nearly all the famous Greek academics visited Egypt for studying and other educational purposes.
Socrates admits in one of his books, “I studied philosophy and medicine in KM.T.”
Aristotle spent more than 20 years studying in KM.T.
Plato spent more than 10 years studying at Heliopolis in KM.T.
希臘文明已經過去了。不斷地否認明顯是惡性剝削的東西是沒有意義的。
大多數人都不知道,幾乎所有著名的希臘學者都到埃及學習和其他教育目的。
蘇格拉底在他的一本書中承認,"我在埃及學習哲學和醫學"。
亞里士多德花了20多年的時間在埃及學習。
柏拉圖在埃及的赫利奧波利斯花了10多年時間學習。
To suggest that the Greek civilization was due to some kind of “ Greek Miracle” is an outrage and is wrong.
All great civilization are often the influence of older ones, Greek was no exception.
At first they used to pay tuition fees to the KM.Tic scientist, later on the methods they used in gaining such knowledge was (is) questionable.
歷史最好是準確和公平的。
認為希臘文明是由于某種 "希臘奇跡 "的說法是一種侮辱,是錯誤的。
所有偉大的文明往往都是受舊文明的影響,希臘也不例外。
起初,他們曾向埃及的科學家支付學費,后來他們在獲得這些知識時使用的方法是(現在)值得懷疑的。
No it didn't.
Greek philosophers and intellectuals certainly thought highly of the Egyptians and gained a great deal of knowledge from them in certain fields as has been described.
But they didn't steal anything.
Note that Egypt's reputation and fame as a place of knowledge grew as a result of the rise of Greek philosophy, due to the mutually beneficial exchange of ideas.
不,他們沒有竊取任何東西。希臘的哲學家和知識分子確實很尊重埃及人,從某些領域中也獲得了很多知識,這點是已經有所描述的。但他們并沒有竊取任何東西。需要指出的是,隨著希臘哲學的興起,埃及作為知識之地的聲譽和聲望也因相互有益的思想交流而逐漸增長。